Salix scouleriana, with its range on the western side of N. America, and Salix humilis, which is found on the east, are closely related and are sometimes difficult to separate[].
The genus Salix, as recognised in 2019, is comprised of probably more than 300 distinct species (over 500 if you also accept hybrid species). Many of these species are very similar, sometimes being separated as much by native range as by any other characteristic. Hybridization between species is common, when this is coupled with the high genetic and morphological variability within many species, and different levels of ploidy, the complexity of this genus is clear.
Misidentification of specimens is not rare, even amongst botanists, and many records of plant use will often equally apply to one or more related species that were not seen as distinct when the report was made. Equally, several species not included in the database will be found to have a range of these uses. In general, all species in the genus have medicinal uses, especially as antiinflammatories, analgesics and febrifuges, they can all serve as emergency foods, many of them have flexible stems and can be used in basket making, and many of them can be planted in moist to wet conditions in order to stabilize the soil and improve wildlife habitats.

Common Name: Scouler's Willow

General Information

Salix scouleriana is a deciduous shrub or a tree that usually grows from 1 - 10 metres tall, occasionally reaching 20 metres with a bole that can be up to 60cm in diameter[, , ].
The plant is harvested from the wild for local use as a medicine and source of materials. It is used in soil stabilization and wildlifr restoration projects and is also grown as an ornamental, especially in western N. America[].
Salix scouleriana has a wide distribution and is widespread and common along its range, The plant is classified as 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(2018)[].

Known Hazards

None known

Botanical References

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Range

Western N. America - Alaska to Northwest Territories, south to California, New Mexico and northern Mexico.

Habitat

Dry conifer forests, mature woods on edges of streams and lakes, treed bogs, meadows, subalpine slopes, springs, pine barrens, openings in old burns, arroyos and disturbed sites, sandy, silty-clay, or gravelly, igneous substrates; to 3,500 metres[]

Properties

Conservation Status	Least Concern
Edibility Rating
Medicinal Rating
Other Uses Rating
Habit	Deciduous Tree
Height	8.00 m
Growth Rate	Fast
Pollinators	Bees, Insects
Self-fertile	No
Cultivation Status	Wild

Cultivation Details

Salix scouleriana has a very wide climatic tolerance, being found wild from Alaska to northern Mexico. It is a very cold-hardy plant, being able to tolerate temperatures down to around -35°c when fully dormant[].
Salix species generally require an open position and abhor dryness at the roots, though this species tolerates some woodland shade. Whilst many can be found in wet or boggy soils, and prefer a damp, heavy soil, most will grow well in a range of moist but well-drained soils so long as they are fairly deep. Very few are at home in chalky soils[, , ].
A fast-growing tree in its early years, this species is one of the few willows to naturally develop a single trunk[].
The flowers are dioecious, male and female flowers being produced on separate plants. If seed is required then at least one plant of each sex need to be growing in reasonable proximity[].
Hybridization in the genus is common, especially when species are brought together in cultivation[].
Salix scouleriana forms natural hybrids with Salix hookeriana, Salix planifolia, and Salix pulchra[].
Salix species are unusual in as much as, although they produce their flowers in catkins, these are insect rather than wind pollinated. Indeed, the flowers of many species are excellent sources of nectar for bees and other insects, especially valuable are those species that flower early in the growing season[].
The roots of Salix species are often vigorous and extensive and can range some distance from the plant. Several species are known to cause problems by growing into drains and drainage systems as their roots seek out moisture[].
Species in this genus are often notably susceptible to honey fungus[].

Edible Uses

Growing in harsh and difficult environments, as many willows do (they can be found within the arctic circle, on mountains and even in the desert), Salix species have often been utilized as an emergency food source. They are, indeed, often a highly favoured food source for birds and mammals and, whilst few species would lay claim to culinary excellence for humans, the young shoots and inner bark are both edible eaten either raw or cooked[].
We have no specific information for this species, but the inner bark can be eaten fresh or it can be dried, ground into a powder and then added to cereal flour for use in making bread etc. It has a very bitter flavour, The young shoots are also somewhat bitter and not very appetizing - unless you are really hungry of course![].

Medicinal

A poultice of the inner cambium has been used in the treatment of serious cuts[].
A poultice of the damp inner bark has been applied to the skin over a broken bone[]. The shredded inner bark has been used as sanitary napkins to 'heal a woman's insides'[].

A poultice of the bark and sap has been used in the treatment of bleeding wounds[].

A decoction of the roots has been used in the treatment of dysentery[].

A decoction of the branches has been taken by women for several months after giving birth in order to increase the blood flow[].

The bark, twigs, leaves, leaf buds, and flower buds of all Salix species contain phenolic glycosides, particularly salicin and salicortin (which breaks down when the plant material is damaged to produce salicin). The quantity of these compounds can vary greatly between species, and even within geographical races of the same species. Taste is a simple test to ascertain levels of these compounds - the more bitter the flavour, the more compounds it contains[].
Salicin has several valuable medicinal properties. In particular it is an effective antiinflammatory and pain reliever, and is also a valuable febrifuge[].
Modern medicine has used salicin as a pathway to producing the common pain reliever aspirin and, until a totally synthetic pathway of producing the medicine was discovered, several Salix species were harvested on a commercial basis to obtain salicin.
Many Salix species have a history of traditional use (not always documented). All parts of the plant can be used, but the bark is more commonly employed. Their pain-relieving and antiinflammatory properties make them useful in the treatment of verious conditions including headaches, neuralgia and joint pains, whilst they can also be very helpful in the treatment of fevers[, ].

Agroforestry Uses:

Scouler willow is effective in revegetating canyons disturbed by flooding water and debris. It is especially successful in establishing in riparian areas and at the base of dry slopes with sufficient moisture. Willows contribute to streambank stability, and Scouler willow is useful for stabilizing steep, erodible banks on drier sties above river courses and is recommended for riparian revegetation projects. It may also be useful for rehabilitating recreation areas; 90% rooting success has been achieved for planted cuttings[].
Scouler willow may provide site protection for conifer seedlings. It provides light cover for the establishment of larch and Engelmann spruce after disturbance, encouraging revegetation. Scouler willow may also enhance Douglas-fir regeneration by providing a suitable microclimate for seedlings. It provides "safe-site" cover to improve tree seedling establishment in revegetating grand fir habitat types; it is rated neutral to moderately efficient based on the ratio of "safe-site" cover to the percentage of seedlings occurring there[]
The flowers are a good source of nectar and pollen for bees[].

Other Uses

The stems are very flexible and are used in basket making[]. They have also been used to sew the bark on canoes and make hoops[]. The plant is usually coppiced annually when grown for basket making, though it is possible to coppice it every two years if thick poles are required as uprights.
The roots have been used to make baskets[].

The bark can be twisted into cord and used for making bags and clothes[].
The branches and the bark can be twisted into a strong rope[].

The bark has been used for sowing birch bark onto basket frames[].

The heartwood is a light reddish-brown, the sapwood light pinkish-white. The wood is light in weight, soft, close-grained, quite strong. It has no commercial value, but it is used locally for making tool handles[, , ].
The light coloured wood offers no striking grain pattern, but its light weight and ability to absorb shocks make it suitable for specialty products like prosthetic devices. It is the source of "diamond wood", used in carving and furniture making. Scouler's Willow was used by Native Americans for making traps, snares, sweathouse frames, burden baskets, toys, musical instruments etc[, ].
The wood is used locally for fuel and to make charcoal[].

Propagation

Willow seed is very small and light, and has a very short viability, perhaps as little as a few days in some species. It must be surface sown as soon as it is ripe. In nature the seed only germinates in disturbed soils in an open situation. In nursery conditions, sow the seed in a tray in a moderately sunny position and keep the soil moist. Germination is usually quite rapid - prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow on until large enough to plant out. Plants generally establish better if planted out whilst quite small.
Cuttings of mature wood of the current year's growth or older can root at almost any time of the year, though late autumn is considered best as this produces a better balance of root and stem growth the following spring[]. Plant them in a sheltered outdoor nursery bed or straight into their permanent position and give them a good weed-suppressing mulch. Most species are very easy. Plant into their permanent positions in the following autumn.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood, early to mid summer in a frame. Very easy.