The genus Salix, as recognised in 2019, is comprised of probably more than 300 distinct species (over 500 if you also accept hybrid species). Many of these species are very similar, sometimes being separated as much by native range as by any other characteristic. Hybridization between species is common, when this is coupled with the high genetic and morphological variability within many species, and different levels of ploidy, the complexity of this genus is clear.
Misidentification of specimens is not rare, even amongst botanists, and many records of plant use will often equally apply to one or more related species that were not seen as distinct when the report was made. Equally, several species not included in the database will be found to have a range of these uses. In general, all species in the genus have medicinal uses, especially as antiinflammatories, analgesics and febrifuges, they can all serve as emergency foods, many of them have flexible stems and can be used in basket making, and many of them can be planted in moist to wet conditions in order to stabilize the soil and improve wildlife habitats.

Common Name: Peach Leaved Willow

General Information

Salix amygdaloides is a deciduous shrub or a small tree with a spreading crown; it often has 2 - 3 trunks; it usually grows around 4 -12 metres tal, occasionally reaching 20 - 24 metres. The bole can be around 20 - 50cm in diameterl[, , ].
The plant is harvested from the wild for local use as a medicine and source of materials. It is planted on stream banks and in wet soils to stabilize them and promote wildlife habitats, and is also grown as an ornamental.
Salix amygdaloides is the most common tree willow in the eastern Great Plains of N. America, though it is more rare along the rest of its range. The plant is classified as 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(2013)[].

Known Hazards

None known

Botanical References

,

Range

N. America - British Columbia to Quebec, south to Arizona, Texas, Kentucky and Pennsylvania

Habitat

Along muddy streambanks and in low wet woods bordering rivers[]. Moist to mesic floodplains, shores of lakes on sandy, silty, or gravelly substrates, marshes, wet sand dune slacks; at elevations up to 2,400 metres[].

Properties

Conservation Status	Least Concern
Edibility Rating
Medicinal Rating
Other Uses Rating
Habit	Deciduous Tree
Height	10.00 m
Growth Rate	Fast
Pollinators	Bees, Insects
Self-fertile	No
Cultivation Status	Wild

Cultivation Details

Salix amygdaloides is a very cold-hardy plant, able to tolerate temperatures down to around -35°c when fully dormant. It also succeeds in the hot, dry deserts of southwestern N. America so long as its roots are within reach of groundwater[].
Salix species generally require a sunny position and abhor dryness at the roots. Whilst many can be found in wet or boggy soils, and prefer a damp, heavy soil, most will grow well in a range of moist but well-drained soils so long as they are fairly deep. Very few are at home in chalky soils[, , ]. This species is restricted to moist sites in the wild. Growing on floodplains, lakeshores, near streams and rivers, and in marshes, swamps, sloughs, seeps, and moist gullies. It tolerates poor drainage and prolonged flooding[].
A fast-growing but relatively short-lived species in the wild[].
The branches range from flexible to highly brittle at the base - brittle ones can snap off quite easily and when they fall to the ground will often form roots and grow into new plants so long as the soil is moist[].
The plant responds well to coppicing[].
The flowers are dioecious, male and female flowers being produced on separate plants. If seed is required then at least one plant of each sex need to be growing in reasonable proximity[].
Hybridization in the genus is common, especially when species are brought together in cultivation[].
Salix amygdaloides forms natural hybrids with Salix gooddingii and Salix nigra[].
Salix species are unusual in as much as, although they produce their flowers in catkins, these are insect rather than wind pollinated. Indeed, the flowers of many species are excellent sources of nectar for bees and other insects, especially valuable are those species that flower early in the growing season[].
The roots of Salix species are often vigorous and extensive and can range some distance from the plant. Several species are known to cause problems by growing into drains and drainage systems as their roots seek out moisture[].
Species in this genus are often notably susceptible to honey fungus[].
Trees are impatient of root disturbance and should be moved regularly before being planted in their permanent positions, which is best done whilst the plants are young[]. The root system is rather aggressive and can cause problems with drains[].

Edible Uses

Growing in harsh and difficult environments, as many willows do (they can be found within the arctic circle, on mountains and even in the desert), Salix species have often been utilized as an emergency food source. They are, indeed, often a highly favoured food source for birds and mammals and, whilst few species would lay claim to culinary excellence for humans, the young shoots and inner bark are both edible eaten either raw or cooked[].
We have no specific information for this species, but the inner bark can be eaten fresh or it can be dried, ground into a powder and then added to cereal flour for use in making bread etc. It has a very bitter flavour, The young shoots are also somewhat bitter and not very appetizing - unless you are really hungry of course![].

Medicinal

The bark is astringent, febrifuge and weakly tonic[]. An infusion of the bark shavings has been used in the treatment of diarrhoea and stomach ailments[].
A poultice of the bark has been applied to bleeding cuts[].

A decoction of the branch tips has been used as a soak for treating cramps in the legs and feet[].

The bark, twigs, leaves, leaf buds, and flower buds of all Salix species contain phenolic glycosides, particularly salicin and salicortin (which breaks down when the plant material is damaged to produce salicin). The quantity of these compounds can vary greatly between species, and even within geographical races of the same species. Taste is a simple test to ascertain levels of these compounds - the more bitter the flavour, the more compounds it contains[].
Salicin has several valuable medicinal properties. In particular it is an effective antiinflammatory and pain reliever, and is also a valuable febrifuge[].
Modern medicine has used salicin as a pathway to producing the common pain reliever aspirin and, until a totally synthetic pathway of producing the medicine was discovered, several Salix species were harvested on a commercial basis to obtain salicin.
Many Salix species have a history of traditional use (not always documented). All parts of the plant can be used, but the bark is more commonly employed. Their pain-relieving and antiinflammatory properties make them useful in the treatment of verious conditions including headaches, neuralgia and joint pains, whilst they can also be very helpful in the treatment of fevers[, ].

Agroforestry Uses:

The tenacious root system of this tree makes it very useful for preventing soil erosion along the banks of rivers etc[]. Cuttings quickly root and grow away to stabilize disturbed alluvium, allowing other plants to become established[]. It is also a good pioneer species, readily invading any cleared-out area if there is sufficient moisture[, ]. It is short-lived and not very shade tolerant and so, having provided good conditions for other woodland trees to become established, it is eventually out-competed by them[].
A good early source of nectar for bees[].

Other Uses

The bark is a source of tannin[].
A light brown dye is obtained from the bark[].

The young stems are very flexible and can be used in basket making[]. The plant is usually coppiced annually when grown for basket making, though it is possible to coppice it every two years if thick poles are required as uprights.

The heartwood is reddish-brown, the sapwood nearly white. The wood is light in weight, close-grained, soft, weak. It weighs 28lb per cubic foot. It is sometimes used locally as a timber for fence posts etc[, , , , ].
The wood is used for fuel and to make charcoal[, ].

Propagation

Willow seed is very small and light, and has a very short viability, perhaps as little as a few days in some species. It must be surface sown as soon as it is ripe. In nature the seed only germinates in disturbed soils in an open situation. In nursery conditions, sow the seed in a tray in a moderately sunny position and keep the soil moist. Germination is usually quite rapid - prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow on until large enough to plant out. Plants generally establish better if planted out whilst quite small.
Cuttings of mature wood of the current year's growth or older can root at almost any time of the year, though late autumn is considered best as this produces a better balance of root and stem growth the following spring[]. Plant them in a sheltered outdoor nursery bed or straight into their permanent position and give them a good weed-suppressing mulch. Most species are very easy. Plant into their permanent positions in the following autumn.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood, early to mid summer in a frame. Very easy.