Common Name:

General Information

Quercus phillyreoides is a, evergreen shrub or a small tree with a rounded, bushy crown; it can grow up to 10 metres tall and is often still clothed to the ground[].
The tree is harvested from the wild for local use as a food, medicine and source of materials. It is sometimes harvested on a commercial basis for its wood. It is frequently planted as a windbreak or as an ornamental in parks and large gardens, especially in Japan, though it is little known in Europe[].

Known Hazards

All parts of the plant contain tannins. Whilst tannins are found in many foods, and have a range of medicinal uses. They are usually only present in low concentrations. In some foods made from oaks (particularly the seeds), the tannin content can be quite high unless the food is treated to reduce tannin content.
Tannins are only of low toxicity and, because of their bitter taste and astringency, are unlikely to be eaten in large quantities. However, if they are taken in excess, they can cause stomach pains; constipation followed by bloody diarrhoea: excessive thirst; and excessive urination[].

Botanical References

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Range

E. Asia - southern China, central and southern Japan.

Habitat

Thickets and open woods near seashores[]. Mixed mesophytic forests; at elevations from 300 - 1,200 metres[].

Properties

Edibility Rating
Medicinal Rating
Other Uses Rating
Habit	Evergreen Shrub
Height	7.00 m
Growth Rate	Slow
Pollinators	Wind
Cultivation Status	Wild

Cultivation Details

Quercus phyllyreoides is a somewhat cold-hardy tree, tolerating occasional temperatures down to around -15°c when dormant. It grows best in areas with hot summers, it seldom produces ripe fruits in areas with cooler summers[, ].
Grows best in a sunny position, though young plants tolerate reasonable levels of side shade[]. Prefers a good deep fertile loam which can be on the stiff side[]. Tolerates moderate exposure[], surviving well but being somewhat stunted[].
This species rarely fruits well in Britain[], though trees at Kew Gardens in the hot summer of 1989 carried large crops of seed[]. The seed takes two growing seasons to ripen[].
A very ornamental plant[].
Hybridizes freely with other members of the genus[].
Plants in this genus are notably resistant to honey fungus[].

Edible Uses

Seed - cooked[]. The seed is 10 - 20mm long and 5 - 10mm wide[].
The seed is usually cooked before eating, though it can also be eaten raw. It can be eaten whole, though it is more commonly dried, then ground into a powder and used as a thickening in stews etc or mixed with cereals for making bread.
In some species, especially many of those classified as 'white oaks', the seeds are low in tannins and have a more or less sweet and agreeable flavour. The seed of most species, however, have a very bitter flavour, due especially to the presence of tannins. In these species there are various processes that can remove or at least reduce the amount of these bitter substances (although other water-soluble substances, including some minerals, will also be removed).
Tannins are water-soluble and therefore the easiest way to remove or reduce tannin levels is by soaking in water. A few different methods are listed:-
A traditional method of preparing the seed was to bury it in boggy ground overwinter and allow the wet soil to gradually leach the tannins. The germinating seed was dug up in the spring when it would have lost most of its astringency and bitterness.
Another method was to wrap the seeds in a cloth bag and place them in a stream for several weeks.
Drying the seed and grinding it to a powder before soaking speeds up the process. The fastest method is to use hot water, by cooking the powder and changing the water several times until the cooking water is no longer bitter. Alternatively, you can use cold water (which is reported to produce the best quality flour). In this case, you soak the powdered seed in cold water for 12 - 24 hours then discard the water. Repeat this process for a number of times until the soak water is no longer bitter.

The roasted seed of many Quercus species has been used as a coffee substitute.

Medicinal

Quercus (oak) species are used in the traditional medicine of many cultures, being valued especially for their tannins. Various parts of the plant can be used, most frequently it is the leaves, bark, seeds, seed cups or the galls that are produced as a result of insect damage. A decoction or infusion is astringent, antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, styptic and haemostatic. It is taken internally to treat conditions such as acute diarrhea, dysentery and haemorrhages. Externally, it is used as a mouthwash to treat toothache or gum problems and is applied topically as a wash on cuts, burns, various skin problems, haemorrhoids and oral, genital and anal mucosa inflammation[]. Extracts of the plant can be added to ointments and used for the healing of cuts[, ].

Agroforestry Uses:

The tree is frequently planted to form windbreaks in Japan[].

Other Uses

The leaves of most species in this genus are more or less rich in tannins. A mulch of the partially decayed leaves can be placed around vulnerable plants in order to repel slugs, snails, grubs etc, and these will in time break down to add humus and nutrients to the soil. Fresh leaves should be used with caution, however, since as these decay they utilize some of the nitrogen in the soil and thus can inhibit plant growth[, ].

Oak galls are excrescences that are sometimes produced in great numbers on the tree and are caused by the activity of the larvae of different insects. The insects live inside these galls, obtaining their nutrient therein. When the insect pupates and leaves, the gall can be used as a rich source of tannin, that can also be used as a dyestuff and is also used by many cultures to make ink[, ].
The bark of oak trees is also usually rich in tannins and can be used as a dyestuff and for waterproofing rope[, ].

There are several species of Oak in Japan that are harvested on a commercial basis for their wood. Pre-eminent amongst them is Quercus mongolica, partly at least because it is so widespread. Other species that are also harvested include Quercus acuta; Quercus dentata; Quercus gilva; Quercus serrata; Quercus myrsinifolia and Quercus phyllyraeoides[].
The wood is paler in colour than the European oaks, usually straight-grained and free from knots. The heartwood is durable, though the sapwood is liable to beetle attack. The wood is hard and strong, it has medium bending and crushing strength, with low stiffness and resistance to shock loads, making it a very good steam-bending wood. It dries slowly without undue degrade; there is medium movement in service. The wood’s lower density compared with other white oaks means that it is much easier to work with hand or machine tools, with only a slight blunting effect upon the tools. It takes nails and screws well, and also glues, stains and polishes to an excellent finish[].
The wood is used for a range of purposes, including furniture and cabinet making, interior fittings, joinery, panelling, flooring blocks, boat building, veneers and plywood[].
The wood burns well and is used commercially for making charcoal[, ].

Propagation

Seed - it quickly loses viability if it is allowed to dry out. It can be stored moist and cool overwinter but is best sown as soon as it is ripe in an outdoor seed bed, though it must be protected from mice, squirrels etc. Small quantities of seed can be sown in deep pots in a cold frame. Plants produce a deep taproot and need to be planted out into their permanent positions as soon as possible, in fact seed sown in situ will produce the best trees[]. Trees should not be left in a nursery bed for more than 2 growing seasons without being moved or they will transplant very badly.