Pinus oocarpa
Schiede ex Schltdl.
Pinaceae
Pinus oocarpoides Lindl. ex Loudon
Pinus tecunumani F.Schwerdtf.
Common Name: Oocarpa Pine
Trees in El Salvador
Photograph by: Perkin_4036.JPG
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
Trees in El Salvador
Photograph by: Perkin_4036.JPG
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
Young foliage
Photograph by: Laurent Quéno
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0
General Information
Pinus oocarpa is an evergreen, coniferous tree with a wide and open crown, and long, flexible branches, curved upwards[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. It grows from 20 - 35 metres tall with a usually straight and cylindrical bole that can be unbranched for 15 metres or more[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
,
316- Title
- Tropical Timbers of the World. Ag. Handbook No. 607.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Chudnoff. Martin.
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service. Wisconsin.
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
-
- Description
- Terse details on the properties of the wood of almost 400 species of trees from the Tropics.
,
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
].
An important timber tree in its native areas, where it is arvested from the wild for its timber, the tree is also often cultivated as a plantation crop in the tropics[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. The tree is also commonly tapped for its resin, but usually only in the last few years before being cut for timber[
338- Title
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.iucnredlist.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
]. The plant is sometimes grown as an ornamental.
Despite the inferred decline due to levels of exploitation, the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of this species are huge. The plant is classified as 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(2013)[
338- Title
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.iucnredlist.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
].
Known Hazards
The wood, sawdust and resins from various species of pine can cause dermatitis in sensitive people[
222- Title
- A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Foster. S. & Duke. J. A.
- Publisher
- Houghton Mifflin Co.
- Year
- 1990
- ISBN
- 0-395-46722-5
- Description
- A concise book dealing with almost 500 species. A line drawing of each plant is included plus colour photographs of about 100 species. Very good as a field guide, it only gives brief details about the plants medicinal properties.
].
Botanical References
329- Title
- The Gymnosperm Database
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
,
331- Title
- Flora of Guatemala
- Publication
-
- Author
- Standley P.C. & J. A. Steyermark
- Website
- http://www.archive.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 1946 - 1976
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A superb reference, though somewhat dated. Gives lots of plant uses as well as information on plant habit and habitat. The entire flora (13 volumes) can now be downloaded from http://www.archive.org/
Range
Central America - Nicaragua to northwestern Mexico (Sonora).
Habitat
Widely distributed on mountain slopes and plains, sometimes forming almost pure stands, but often associated with oaks and sometimes with other pines, occurring at elevations of 1,000 - 2,700 metres[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
].
Properties
Conservation Status | Least Concern |
Edibility Rating | |
Medicinal Rating | |
Other Uses Rating | |
Habit | Evergreen Tree |
Height | 20.00 m |
Pollinators | Wind |
Cultivation Status | Cultivated, Ornamental, Wild |
Cultivation Details
Pinus oocarpa is a plant of the semi-arid to moist tropics and subtropics, where it occurs at elevations from 350 - 2,500 metres, reaching its best development at elevations between 1,200 - 1,800 metres[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. It grows in areas where the mean annual rainfall can be as low as 600 - 800 mm, in other parts of its native range annual rainfall can exceed 2,500 mm[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. It can tolerate a dry season of up to 5 months[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. The plant is not tolerant of frost according to one report, though others say that is able to withstand short periods with temperatures falling to around -5°c[
329- Title
- The Gymnosperm Database
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
,
1212- Title
- New Trees
- Publication
-
- Author
- Grimshaw J.; Bayton R.; Wilks H.
- Publisher
- Kew Publishing; London
- Year
- 2009
- ISBN
- 1842461737
- Description
- Provides comprehensive botanical descriptions and horticultural commentary on over 800 tree species that have been introduced to cultivation in recent decades.
].
Mature plants require a sunny position, though young plants can tolerate some shade[
299- Title
- Protabase - Plant Resources of Tropical Africa.
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.prota.org
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent on-line database with detailed information on over 3,200 species of useful plants of Africa.
]. Plants sometimes tolerate shallow soil[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. Most often found in the wild on shallow, sandy clay soils of moderate soil acidity (pH 4.0 - 6.5) that are well drained[
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
]. Plants grow best on deep, well-drained soils and with good rainfall regimes[
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
].
Young seedling plants tend to become bushy shortly after field establishment and remain that way for several years before a dominant terminal leader develops[
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
].
Seedlings will resprout after heavy browsing by deer, and saplings will resprout from the base after either freezes or
fires of low intensity[
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
].
Continued interest in Pinus oocarpa as a plantation species declined in the early to mid-1980's because provenances of Pinus tecunumanii and Pinus caribaea var hondurensis were found that yielded larger volumes of wood[
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
]. The disadvantages of this species as a plantation crop include its slow initial growth on some sites, poor wind firmness,
susceptibility to nutrient deficiencies and needle diseases, and a relatively light crown that permits a continuous
weedy understory to develop, increasing the fire danger[
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
]. However, recent problems of stem breakage in Pinus tecunumanii have once again stimulated interest in planting more of this plant[
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
]. Growers like its good wood quality, its ability to sprout from cut stumps, and the ease with which it vegetatively propagates[
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
].
An extremely variable species in its native environment because it has evolved under diverse climatic and edaphic patterns over its 3000-km geographic distribution[
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
].
In South-East Asia, plantation-grown trees often do not produce viable seed, due to unsynchronized production of male and female cones[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
].
Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[
200- Title
- The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Huxley. A.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Press
- Year
- 1992
- ISBN
- 0-333-47494-5
- Description
- Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
].
Edible Uses
The seeds of all Pinus species are more or less edible, and some are of good size and make very tasty and nutritious foods, often eaten in quantitiy. Others can be less desireable, either having a strongly resinous flavour, being bitter or, more commonly, rather too small and fiddly to make it very worthwhle even trying to eat them,
We have no specific information of the desireability of this species, though they are rather small (the size given includes the shell)[
K- Title
- Plants for a Future
- Author
- Ken Fern
- Description
- Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.
].
A vanillin flavouring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood[
200- Title
- The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Huxley. A.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Press
- Year
- 1992
- ISBN
- 0-333-47494-5
- Description
- Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
].
Medicinal
Oil of turpentine, obtained from the oleo-resin of all pine trees, is antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, diuretic, rubefacient, stimulant and vermifuge[
4- Title
- A Modern Herbal.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Grieve.
- Publisher
- Penguin
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
- 0-14-046-440-9
- Description
- Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
,
329- Title
- The Gymnosperm Database
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
]. It is a valuable remedy used internally in the treatment of kidney and bladder complaints and is used both internally and as a rub and steam bath in the treatment of rheumatic affections[
4- Title
- A Modern Herbal.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Grieve.
- Publisher
- Penguin
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
- 0-14-046-440-9
- Description
- Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
]. It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so is useful in treating diseases of the mucous membranes and respiratory complaints such as coughs, colds, influenza and TB[
4- Title
- A Modern Herbal.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Grieve.
- Publisher
- Penguin
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
- 0-14-046-440-9
- Description
- Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
].
Tablets made from the resin of this plant are used in the treatment of pneumonia[
]. The resin is boiled in a water bath with the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus - the steam arising from this is breathed in as a remedy for cough[
].
Applied externally in the form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and inhalers, it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin complaints, wounds, sores, burns, boils etc[
4- Title
- A Modern Herbal.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Grieve.
- Publisher
- Penguin
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
- 0-14-046-440-9
- Description
- Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
].
An infusion of the leaves is used in the treatment of dysentery[
].
A decoction of the leaves is applied as a fomentation, two or three times a day, in order to reduce inflammation of wounds[
].
A decoction of the bark is used in the treatment of bronchial asthma[
].
Agroforestry Uses:
A pioneer species, it rapidly colonizes exposed sites left bare by fire or erosion[
299- Title
- Protabase - Plant Resources of Tropical Africa.
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.prota.org
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent on-line database with detailed information on over 3,200 species of useful plants of Africa.
]. The tree is planted to shade out alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) grass[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
].
The needles contain a substance called terpene, this is released when rain washes over the needles and it has a negative effect on the germination of some plants, including wheat[
201- Title
- A - Z of Companion Planting.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Allardice.P.
- Publisher
- Cassell Publishers Ltd.
- Year
- 1993
- ISBN
- 0-304-34324-2
- Description
- A well produced and very readable book.
].
Other Uses
A tan or green dye is obtained from the needles[
168- Title
- Nature's Colors - Dyes from Plants.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Grae. I.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Publishing Co. New York.
- Year
- 1974
- ISBN
- 0-02-544950-8
- Description
- A very good and readable book on dyeing.
].
Slivers of the wood are burned in order to fumigate and freshen the air in rooms with sick people[
1656- Title
- Effects of Sinomenine on the Expression of microRNA-155 in 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Mic
- Publication
- PLoS ONE 8(9): e73757 2013
- Author
- Qiao Yu et al
- Website
- doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073757
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2013
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
A resin is obtained from the bark[
299- Title
- Protabase - Plant Resources of Tropical Africa.
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.prota.org
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent on-line database with detailed information on over 3,200 species of useful plants of Africa.
,
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
].
Oleo-resins are present in the tissues of all species of pines, but these are often not present in sufficient quantity to make their extraction economically worthwhile[
64- Title
- Vegetable Gums and Resins.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Howes. F. N.
- Publisher
- Faber
- Year
-
- ISBN
- 81-88818-17-8
- Description
- A very good book dealing with the subject in a readable way.
]. The resins are obtained by tapping the trunk, or by destructive distillation of the wood[
4- Title
- A Modern Herbal.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Grieve.
- Publisher
- Penguin
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
- 0-14-046-440-9
- Description
- Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
,
64- Title
- Vegetable Gums and Resins.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Howes. F. N.
- Publisher
- Faber
- Year
-
- ISBN
- 81-88818-17-8
- Description
- A very good book dealing with the subject in a readable way.
]. In general, trees from warmer areas of distribution give the higher yields[
64- Title
- Vegetable Gums and Resins.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Howes. F. N.
- Publisher
- Faber
- Year
-
- ISBN
- 81-88818-17-8
- Description
- A very good book dealing with the subject in a readable way.
]. Turpentine consists of an average of 20% of the oleo-resin[
64- Title
- Vegetable Gums and Resins.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Howes. F. N.
- Publisher
- Faber
- Year
-
- ISBN
- 81-88818-17-8
- Description
- A very good book dealing with the subject in a readable way.
] and is separated by distillation[
4- Title
- A Modern Herbal.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Grieve.
- Publisher
- Penguin
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
- 0-14-046-440-9
- Description
- Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
,
64- Title
- Vegetable Gums and Resins.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Howes. F. N.
- Publisher
- Faber
- Year
-
- ISBN
- 81-88818-17-8
- Description
- A very good book dealing with the subject in a readable way.
]. Turpentine has a wide range of uses including as a solvent for waxes etc, for making varnish, medicinal etc[
4- Title
- A Modern Herbal.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Grieve.
- Publisher
- Penguin
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
- 0-14-046-440-9
- Description
- Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
]. Rosin is the substance left after turpentine is removed. This is used by violinists on their bows and also in making sealing wax, varnish etc[
4- Title
- A Modern Herbal.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Grieve.
- Publisher
- Penguin
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
- 0-14-046-440-9
- Description
- Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
]. Pitch can also be obtained from the resin and is used for waterproofing, as a wood preservative etc.
The heartwood is light reddish brown; distinct from the pale yellowish-brown sapwood[
316- Title
- Tropical Timbers of the World. Ag. Handbook No. 607.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Chudnoff. Martin.
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service. Wisconsin.
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
-
- Description
- Terse details on the properties of the wood of almost 400 species of trees from the Tropics.
]. The lustre is medium; the grain straight; texture somewhat fine and uniform[
316- Title
- Tropical Timbers of the World. Ag. Handbook No. 607.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Chudnoff. Martin.
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service. Wisconsin.
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
-
- Description
- Terse details on the properties of the wood of almost 400 species of trees from the Tropics.
]. The wood is easy to work with hand and machine tools[
316- Title
- Tropical Timbers of the World. Ag. Handbook No. 607.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Chudnoff. Martin.
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service. Wisconsin.
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
-
- Description
- Terse details on the properties of the wood of almost 400 species of trees from the Tropics.
]. The wood is less prone to splitting and warping than that of most other pines and therefore highly valued for the production of sawn timber[
299- Title
- Protabase - Plant Resources of Tropical Africa.
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.prota.org
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent on-line database with detailed information on over 3,200 species of useful plants of Africa.
]. The heartwood is classified as very durable in resistance to attack by white-rot fungus, and moderately durable when exposed to a brown rot[
316- Title
- Tropical Timbers of the World. Ag. Handbook No. 607.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Chudnoff. Martin.
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service. Wisconsin.
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
-
- Description
- Terse details on the properties of the wood of almost 400 species of trees from the Tropics.
]. The wood does not weather well without the protection of paint or other coatings[
316- Title
- Tropical Timbers of the World. Ag. Handbook No. 607.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Chudnoff. Martin.
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service. Wisconsin.
- Year
- 1984
- ISBN
-
- Description
- Terse details on the properties of the wood of almost 400 species of trees from the Tropics.
]. It is used as a general-purpose timber and for pulp[
303- Title
- World Agroforesty Centre
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.worldagroforestry.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An excellent online database of a huge range of trees giving very good information on each plant - its uses, ecology, identity, propagation, pests etc.
]. The handsome, very pale, yellowish wood is much used for all kinds of construction, and also for furniture[
331- Title
- Flora of Guatemala
- Publication
-
- Author
- Standley P.C. & J. A. Steyermark
- Website
- http://www.archive.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 1946 - 1976
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A superb reference, though somewhat dated. Gives lots of plant uses as well as information on plant habit and habitat. The entire flora (13 volumes) can now be downloaded from http://www.archive.org/
].
The wood is used for fuel and kindling[
337- Title
- Tropical Tree Seed Manual
- Publication
-
- Author
- Vosso. J. Editor.
- Website
- http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm
- Publisher
- USDA Forest Service.
- Year
- 2002
- ISBN
-
- Description
- An extremely good guide, it can also be downloaded in its entirety from the address shown above.
]. (It is probably the bark that is used for kindling[
K- Title
- Plants for a Future
- Author
- Ken Fern
- Description
- Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.
].)
Propagation
It is best to sow the seed in individual pots in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe if this is possible otherwise in late winter. A short stratification of 6 weeks at 4°c can improve the germination of stored seed[
80- Title
- Hardy Woody Plants from Seed.
- Publication
-
- Author
- McMillan-Browse. P.
- Publisher
- Grower Books
- Year
- 1985
- ISBN
- 0-901361-21-6
- Description
- Does not deal with many species but it is very comprehensive on those that it does cover. Not for casual reading.
]. Plant seedlings out into their permanent positions as soon as possible and protect them for their first winter or two[
11- Title
- Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Bean. W.
- Publisher
- Murray
- Year
- 1981
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.
]. Plants have a very sparse root system and the sooner they are planted into their permanent positions the better they will grow[
K- Title
- Plants for a Future
- Author
- Ken Fern
- Description
- Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.
]. Trees should be planted into their permanent positions when they are quite small, between 30 and 90cm[
200- Title
- The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Huxley. A.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Press
- Year
- 1992
- ISBN
- 0-333-47494-5
- Description
- Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
]. We actually plant them out when they are about 5 - 10cm tall. So long as they are given a very good weed-excluding mulch they establish very well[
K- Title
- Plants for a Future
- Author
- Ken Fern
- Description
- Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.
]. Larger trees will check badly and hardly put on any growth for several years. This also badly affects root development and wind resistance[
200- Title
- The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Huxley. A.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Press
- Year
- 1992
- ISBN
- 0-333-47494-5
- Description
- Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
].
Cuttings. This method only works when taken from very young trees less than 10 years old. Use single leaf fascicles with the base of the short shoot. Disbudding the shoots some weeks before taking the cuttings can help. Cuttings are normally slow to grow away[
81- Title
- Conifers.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Rushforth. K.
- Publisher
- Christopher Helm
- Year
- 1987
- ISBN
- 0-7470-2801-X
- Description
- Deals with conifers that can be grown outdoors in Britain. Good notes on cultivation and a few bits about plant uses.
].