The genus Mahonia is not universally accepted. Many botanists prefer to treat it as part of Berberis - as per the Flora of N. America[]. However, although they are very closely related (and there are some intergeneric hybrids), from the point of view of the gardener they are quite distinct genera. We are therefore following the treatment in the Flora of China[] which treats them as distinct. There is, however, at least one major revision (of the Chinese genera) currently (2016) in preparation and we will review the position of Mahonia once we have seen that revision[].

Common Name: Mexican Barberry

General Information

Mahonia trifoliolata is an evergreen shrub growing 1 - 3.5 metres tall. Suckering from the base, the plant forms a dense cluster of stems with elongate primary and short axillary shoots[].
The plant is harvested from the wild for local use as a food, medicine and source of materials. It is grown as an ornamental in gardens, where it can be used as a hedge.

Known Hazards

All parts of the plant contain the alkaloid berberine - this is most concentrated in the roots, stems and inner bark, and least concentrated in the fruits. In small quantities berberine has a range of effective medicinal applications but, in excess, can cause vomiting, lowered blood pressure, reduced heart rate, lethargy, and other ill-effects.
The fruit of most, if not all, members of this genus are more or less edible and can be eaten in quantity since the levels of berberine in the fruit are very low.

Botanical References

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Range

South-western N. America - Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, northern Mexico.

Habitat

Dry calcareous soils[]. Slopes and flats in grassland, shrubland, and sometimes open woodland; at elevations up to 2,000 metres[].

Properties

Edibility Rating
Medicinal Rating
Other Uses Rating
Habit	Evergreen Shrub
Height	2.00 m
Pollinators	Bees
Cultivation Status	Ornamental, Wild

Cultivation Details

Mahonia trifoliolata grows wild in the semi-arid, warm temperate zone of southwestern N. America. It can tolerate occasional temperatures falling to around -10 to -15°c, though the young growth in spring is more sensitive and can be damaged by temperatures around 0°c.
Unlike most members of the genus, this species requires a dry, perfectly drained position in full sun, a gritty slightly acid soil is best[]. It does well in a hot, dry position[]. Succeeds in a good garden soil[].
A good bee plant[].
This species hybridizes in the wild with Mahonia swaseyi[].
Resistant to honey fungus[].
Some Berberis/Mahonia species (especially Berberis vulgaris) harbour the black stem-rust fungus (Puccinia graminis Persoon). This is a major disease of wheat and barley crops and can spread from infected barberries to the grain crop. The sale or transport of susceptible or untested species of Berberis is illegal in the United States and Canada[]. This species can harbour the fungus[].

Edible Uses

Fruit - raw or cooked[, , ]. Juicy[]. An acid flavour but nice, especially when added to porridges or muesli[]. A subtle tart flavour, it is pleasant to eat raw[]. Unfortunately there is relatively little flesh and a lot of seeds[]. The fruit is also used to make preserves[, ]. The red, spherical berries are 6 - 11mm in diameter[].

The roasted seed is a coffee substitute[].

Medicinal

The roots contain berberine and other alkaloids and were traditionally used to make preparations for treating toothaches and stomach ailments[].

This is one of several species closely related to the Oregon Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) and with very similar medicinal uses[]. These uses are:-

Oregon grape was often used by several native North American Indian tribes to treat loss of appetite and debility[]. It is still a popular remedy in modern herbalism, being used mainly in the treatment of gastritis and general digestive weakness, to stimulate liver, kidney and gallbladder function and to reduce catarrhal problems[, , ]. Extensive trials have shown that a cream containing the root or stem extract is a safe and effective treatment for psoriasis and other skin conditions.

The root and root bark are alterative, antibacterial, antioxidant, blood tonic, cholagogue, diuretic, laxative and tonic[, , , ]. It improves the digestion and absorption and is taken internally in the treatment of psoriasis, syphilis, haemorrhages, stomach complaints and impure blood conditions[, , ].
Externally, it is used in the form of a cream to treat skin conditions such as psoriasis, whilst a decoction has been used as a gargle for treating sore throats and as a wash for blurry or bloodshot eyes[].
The roots are harvested in late autumn or early spring and dried for later use[].

The fruit is an excellent gentle and safe laxative[].

In Germany, several studies have indicated that Mahonia aquifolium exerts anti-psoriasis activities though inhibiting antiinflammation and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, and that alkaloids may be responsible for the anti-psoriasis activity of this plant[].
Mahonia species have a long history of medicinal usage, with several members of the genus being commonly used in traditional medicine and also in modern herbalism. They are employed in the treatment of a wide range of conditions and have, in particular, been demonstrated to exert good efficacy in the clinical treatment of dysentery, internal and external haemorrhage, acne vulgaris and chronic pharyngitis amongst other diseases. Phytochemical research into this genus has resulted in the identification of more than 150 chemical constituents, amongst which alkaloids are predominant. The isolated compounds and crude extracts have been shown to exhibit a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimutagenic and analgesic properties[]
Berberine, an alkaloid that is universally present in the rhizomes and stems of Mahonia species, has been shown to have a marked antibacterial effect[] and is also used as a bitter tonic[]. Since it is not appreciably absorbed by the body, it can be used orally in the treatment of various enteric infections, especially bacterial dysentery[].
Berberine has also shown antitumour activity[].
The plant should not be used with Glycyrrhiza species (Liquorice) because this nullifies the effects of the berberine[].

Agroforestry Uses:

The plant makes a good hedge[, ].

Other Uses

A yellow dye is obtained from the inner bark of the stem and roots[, , , ]. It is green according to another report[].
Dark green, violet and dark blue-purple dyes are obtained from the fruit[].
A green dye is obtained from the leaves[].

An ink is made from the wood[, ].

The wood is a source of tannin[].

Propagation

Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a greenhouse[]. It usually germinates in the spring[]. 'Green' seed (harvested when the embryo has fully developed but before the seed case has dried) should be sown as soon as it is harvested and germinates within 6 weeks[]. Stored seed should be sown as soon as possible in late winter or spring. 3 weeks cold stratification will improve its germination, which should take place in 3 - 6 months at 10°c. Prick out the seedlings when they are large enough to handle and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant them out in late spring or early summer and consider giving them some protection from the cold for their next winter.
Division of suckers in spring[]. Whilst they can be placed direct into their permanent positions, better results are achieved if they are potted up and placed in a frame until established[].
Leaf cuttings in the autumn.