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Useful Temperate Plants

Juniperus seravschanica

Kom.

Cupressaceae


The status of several species in the genus Juniperus is still often a matter of contention between different botanists. We are generally following the treatment given in the 'World Checklist of Selected Plant Families' (http://wcsp.science.kew.org/qsearch.do), which accepts Juniperus excelsa in a strict sense with a range from the Balkans of Europe to the Caucasus. Juniperus polycarpos, previously treated as a subspecies of Juniperus excelsa, is seen as distinct, with a range from northeastern Turkey to Turkmenistan, whilst Juniperus seravschanica (also previously treated as a subspecies) is also treated as distinct, with a more easterly distribution from Iran and central Asia to the western Himalayas.

+ Synonyms

Juniperus excelsa Griff.

Juniperus excelsa seravschanica (Kom.) Imkhan.

Juniperus excelsa seravschanica (Kom.) R.P.Adams

Juniperus himalayaensis Carrière

Juniperus macropoda Boiss.

Juniperus polycarpos seravschanica (Kom.) Kitam.

Juniperus turcomanica seravschanica (Kom.) R.P.Adams

Sabina seravschanica (Kom.) Nevski

Common Name: Himalayan Pencil Cedar

No Image.

General Information

Juniperus seravschanica is an evergreen tree with a dense, broad or pyramidal crown; it usually grows 5 - 10 metres tall, but can reach 20 metres, Specimens with clear boles are rare, even in forests, with most trees branching from near the base. Boles of old trees can often reach 60 - 150cm in diameter, with some specimens recorded at more than 250cm[
74
Title
Flora of the USSR.
Publication
 
Author
Komarov. V. L.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Publisher
Israel Program for Scientific Translation
Year
1968
ISBN
-
Description
An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
,
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
].
The tree is harvested from the wild for local use as a food, medicine and source of materials. It is grown as an ornamental in gardens.

Known Hazards

None known

Botanical References

74
Title
Flora of the USSR.
Publication
 
Author
Komarov. V. L.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Publisher
Israel Program for Scientific Translation
Year
1968
ISBN
-
Description
An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
,
329
Title
The Gymnosperm Database
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.

Range

Asia - Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, northwest India

Habitat

Open woods of the inner dry ranges of the Himalayas at elevations from 1,500 - 4,200 metres[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
]. Forming juniper woods in lower and middle parts of the timber zone, in pure stands or mixed with J. semiglobosa[
74
Title
Flora of the USSR.
Publication
 
Author
Komarov. V. L.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Publisher
Israel Program for Scientific Translation
Year
1968
ISBN
-
Description
An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
].

Properties

Edibility Rating *  *
Medicinal Rating *  *  *
Other Uses Rating *  *
HabitEvergreen Tree
Height8.00 m
Growth RateSlow
PollinatorsWind
Self-fertileNo
Cultivation StatusOrnamental, Wild

Cultivation Details

Juniperus seravschanica is native to the continental temperate climate of western and central Asia with its hot, dry summers and cold winters. It usually grows in regions where the mean annual precipitation is in excess of 500mm, much of it falling as snow. Winter temperatures can fall as low as -20°c[
329
Title
The Gymnosperm Database
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
].
Requires a sunny position[
329
Title
The Gymnosperm Database
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
]. Established plants are very drought tolerant[
329
Title
The Gymnosperm Database
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
].
An ornamental tree[
74
Title
Flora of the USSR.
Publication
 
Author
Komarov. V. L.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Publisher
Israel Program for Scientific Translation
Year
1968
ISBN
-
Description
An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
].
A very slow-growing tree[
329
Title
The Gymnosperm Database
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
].
A dioecious species - both male and female forms must be grown if fruit and seed are required.

Edible Uses

Juniperus excelsa was formerly treated in a looser sense to include the species Juniperus polycarpos and Juniperus seravschanica. The three are now generally seen as distinct, though they are all very similar and have very similar properties. It can be very difficult to separate out the various uses attributed originally to Juniperus excelsa to any one of these three species - and, certainly on the traditional level, they are very likely to apply to all three. All the edible uses we know of are listed here - where possible we point out if they were specifically attributed to what is now one of the three species.

Seed cones (of Juniperus polycarpos) - raw or cooked. They can be baked and eaten[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
] Native people eat the uncooked cones with rice[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].
The seed cones (of Juniperus seravschanica) are large, but not juicy and with very low sugar content[
74
Title
Flora of the USSR.
Publication
 
Author
Komarov. V. L.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Publisher
Israel Program for Scientific Translation
Year
1968
ISBN
-
Description
An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
].

Medicinal

Juniperus excelsa was formerly treated in a looser sense to include the species Juniperus polycarpos and Juniperus seravschanica. The three are now generally seen as distinct, though they are all very similar and have very similar properties. It can be very difficult to separate out the various uses attributed originally to Juniperus excelsa to any one of these three species - and, certainly on the traditional level, they are very likely to apply to all three. All the medicinal uses we know of are listed here - where possible we point out if they were specifically attributed to what is now one of the three species.

In the Himalayas (Juniperus seravschanica), the plant is considered useful as an antihypertensive, stimulant, appetizer, diuretic, carminative and anticonvulsant. It is used in folk medicine to treat a range of conditions including abdominal spasm, diarrhoea, asthma fever, headache, gonorrhoea and leucorrhoea[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].

In Lebanese and Turkish folk medicine (this could refer to both Juniperus excelsa and Juniperus polycarpos), the seed cones are used to treat cutaneous diseases such as eczema and skin rash. It is used to treat a wide range of respiratory tract diseases like asthma, cough, common cold, bronchitis, pneumonia, throat inflammation and tuberculosis, urinary tract inflammations, rheumatism, and to remove renal and gall bladder stones[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].

In various regions of the world, the plant is used to treat dysmenorrhoea, cough, bronchitis, colds, jaundice, tuberculosis, to induce menses and expel a foetus[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
,
1282
Title
Ethnobotany of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae) in Iran
Publication
Ethnobotany Research & Applications 9:335-341 (2011)
Author
Atefeh Pirani, Hamid Moazzeni, Shahab Mirinejad, Farzaneh Na
Website
http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-335.pdf
Publisher
 
Year
2011
ISBN
 
Description
This report actually refers to Juniperus polycarpos, recognized as distinct in 2014.
]. The seed cones are used as a diuretic and emmenagogue[
1282
Title
Ethnobotany of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae) in Iran
Publication
Ethnobotany Research & Applications 9:335-341 (2011)
Author
Atefeh Pirani, Hamid Moazzeni, Shahab Mirinejad, Farzaneh Na
Website
http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-335.pdf
Publisher
 
Year
2011
ISBN
 
Description
This report actually refers to Juniperus polycarpos, recognized as distinct in 2014.
].
An infusion of the dried leaves is used to treat cardiac and nervous problems[
1282
Title
Ethnobotany of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae) in Iran
Publication
Ethnobotany Research & Applications 9:335-341 (2011)
Author
Atefeh Pirani, Hamid Moazzeni, Shahab Mirinejad, Farzaneh Na
Website
http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-335.pdf
Publisher
 
Year
2011
ISBN
 
Description
This report actually refers to Juniperus polycarpos, recognized as distinct in 2014.
].

A gum obtained from the plant (Juniperus polycarpos) is applied topically for relieving rheumatism pains, backache and to relieve the pain of toothache[
1282
Title
Ethnobotany of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae) in Iran
Publication
Ethnobotany Research & Applications 9:335-341 (2011)
Author
Atefeh Pirani, Hamid Moazzeni, Shahab Mirinejad, Farzaneh Na
Website
http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-335.pdf
Publisher
 
Year
2011
ISBN
 
Description
This report actually refers to Juniperus polycarpos, recognized as distinct in 2014.
].

The smoke from the branches is used in India to treat the delirium of fevers[
240
Title
Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement).
Publication
 
Author
Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C.
Publisher
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.
Year
1986
ISBN
-
Description
Very terse details of medicinal uses of plants with a wide range of references and details of research into the plants chemistry. Not for the casual reader.
].

Female cones are eaten raw or in a decoction to prevent stomach reflux[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].

The plant contains high levels of the essential oils alpha-cedrene, junipene alpha-thujene, alpha pinene, alpha-cedrene, menthene and limonene[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].
Alpha- and gamma-terpinenes found in the extracts of this plant are reported to have high antioxidant properties[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].
A number of studies have shown that the monoterpene camponents of juniper essential oil enhance the oxidative stress resistance of living organisms[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].
The essential oil has been shown to be strongly antifungal. The main component responsible far these antifungal activities in delta-3-carene[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].
An essential oil obtained from the leaves and fruits have a strong antibacterial activity against various strains of bacteria, especially gram positive bacteria[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].
Various extracts, especially the chloroform fraction, of the plant have shown inhibition of the tropical disease Leishmania[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].
An extract of the seed cones has shown a good level of antitumor activity, especially the crude methanolic extract which showed 86.6% inhibition[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
]
The essential oil the seed cones has shown great antioxidant activity. The essential oil can act as natural preservative, even if used in very low concentration[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].
Another study showed that the essential oil extracted from the fruits and leaves of true Juniperus excelsa showed a low level of antioxidant activity, whilst that obtained from the foliage of female Juniperus. poiycarpas plants was strongly antioxidant[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
]
A crude extract of the plant has been shown to have endothelium-dependent and endothelium independent vasodilator and cardiomodulatory effect[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
]
Extracts of the plant have shown a significant anticholinesterase activity, making it of potential interest in the treatment of Alzheimers disease[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].

Agroforestry Uses:

An ornamental tree recommended for control of sliding and erosion of mountain slopes[
74
Title
Flora of the USSR.
Publication
 
Author
Komarov. V. L.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Publisher
Israel Program for Scientific Translation
Year
1968
ISBN
-
Description
An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
].

Other Uses

Juniperus excelsa was formerly treated in a looser sense to include the species Juniperus polycarpos and Juniperus seravschanica. The three are now generally seen as distinct, though they are all very similar and have very similar properties. It can be very difficult to separate out the various uses attributed originally to Juniperus excelsa to any one of these three species - and, certainly on the traditional level, they are very likely to apply to all three. All the non-medical or edible uses we know of are listed here - where possible we point out if they were specifically attributed to what is now one of the three species.

The plant is a source of various essential oils, obtained fom the wood, the seed cones, foliage etc. Actual and potential uses of these oils include medicinal, mood scents , aromatherapy, scent masks, room fresheners, soaps, insect repellents, cosmetics, fragrant candles, lotions and naturopathic medicines[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].

The bark (Juniperus polycarpos and Juniperus seravschanica) is of immense thickness at the base of old trees, and is traditionally taken off in long pliant strips by local people who use it for roofing their huts, making pads for carrying water jars etc[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
,
1282
Title
Ethnobotany of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae) in Iran
Publication
Ethnobotany Research & Applications 9:335-341 (2011)
Author
Atefeh Pirani, Hamid Moazzeni, Shahab Mirinejad, Farzaneh Na
Website
http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-335.pdf
Publisher
 
Year
2011
ISBN
 
Description
This report actually refers to Juniperus polycarpos, recognized as distinct in 2014.
].

The foliage is burnt as an incense[
338
Title
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
]. The crushed foliage emits a warm resinous scent[
185
Title
Conifers in the British Isles.
Publication
 
Author
Mitchell. A. F.
Publisher
HMSO
Year
1975
ISBN
0-11-710012-9
Description
A bit out of date (first published in 1972), but an excellent guide to how well the various species of conifers grow in Britain giving locations of trees.
]. The dried leaves are generally mixed with other available aromatic plants and are used as incense[
1281
Title
An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
Publication
Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
Author
Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
Publisher
 
Year
2017
ISBN
 
Description
 
].
The aromatic wood is burned as an incense[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
].

The heartwood is red, often with a purplish tinge; the sapwood is yellowish. The fragrant wood is close and even-grained, moderately hard, very durable and of good quality[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
,
329
Title
The Gymnosperm Database
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
]. A useful wood for joinery, carpentry and furniture making[
74
Title
Flora of the USSR.
Publication
 
Author
Komarov. V. L.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Publisher
Israel Program for Scientific Translation
Year
1968
ISBN
-
Description
An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
,
338
Title
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Publication
 
Author
 
Website
http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Publisher
 
Year
0
ISBN
 
Description
A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
]. It is used in local construction and for making small objects, including pencils[
74
Title
Flora of the USSR.
Publication
 
Author
Komarov. V. L.
Website
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
Publisher
Israel Program for Scientific Translation
Year
1968
ISBN
-
Description
An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
,
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
].
The wood is often used for fuel and is sometimes made into charcoal[
146
Title
A Manual of Indian Timbers.
Publication
 
Author
Gamble. J. S.
Publisher
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
Year
1972
ISBN
-
Description
First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
]

Propagation

The seed requires a period of cold stratification. The seed has a hard seedcoat and can be very slow to germinate, requiring a cold period followed by a warm period and then another cold spell, each of 2 - 3 months duration[
78
Title
Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers.
Publication
 
Author
Sheat. W. G.
Publisher
MacMillan and Co
Year
1948
ISBN
-
Description
A bit dated but a good book on propagation techniques with specific details for a wide range of plants.
,
81
Title
Conifers.
Publication
 
Author
Rushforth. K.
Publisher
Christopher Helm
Year
1987
ISBN
0-7470-2801-X
Description
Deals with conifers that can be grown outdoors in Britain. Good notes on cultivation and a few bits about plant uses.
]. Soaking the seed for 3 - 6 seconds in boiling water may speed up the germination process[
11
Title
Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement.
Publication
 
Author
Bean. W.
Publisher
Murray
Year
1981
ISBN
-
Description
A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.
]. The seed is best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame. Some might germinate in the following spring, though most will take another year. Another possibility is to harvest the seed 'green' (when the embryo has fully formed but before the seedcoat has hardened). The seedlings can be potted up into individual pots when they are large enough to handle. Grow on in pots until large enough, then plant out in early summer. When stored dry, the seed can remain viable for several years[
1
Title
RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956
Publication
 
Author
F. Chittendon.
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Year
1951
ISBN
-
Description
Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaced in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]).
].
Cuttings of mature wood, 5 - 10cm with a heel, September/early autumn in a cold frame. Plant out in the following autumn[
1
Title
RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956
Publication
 
Author
F. Chittendon.
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Year
1951
ISBN
-
Description
Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaced in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]).
,
78
Title
Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers.
Publication
 
Author
Sheat. W. G.
Publisher
MacMillan and Co
Year
1948
ISBN
-
Description
A bit dated but a good book on propagation techniques with specific details for a wide range of plants.
].
Layering in September/early autumn. Takes 12 months[
78
Title
Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers.
Publication
 
Author
Sheat. W. G.
Publisher
MacMillan and Co
Year
1948
ISBN
-
Description
A bit dated but a good book on propagation techniques with specific details for a wide range of plants.
].
Cite as: Temperate Plants Database, Ken Fern. temperate.theferns.info. 2024-03-29. <temperate.theferns.info/plant/Juniperus+seravschanica>

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