Juniperus excelsa
M.Bieb.
Cupressaceae
The status of several species in the genus Juniperus is still often a matter of contention between different botanists. We are generally following the treatment given in the 'World Checklist of Selected Plant Families' (http://wcsp.science.kew.org/qsearch.do), which accepts Juniperus excelsa in a strict sense with a range from the Balkans of Europe to the Caucasus. Juniperus polycarpos, previously treated as a subspecies of Juniperus excelsa, is seen as distinct, with a range from northeastern Turkey to Turkmenistan, whilst Juniperus seravschanica (also previously treated as a subspecies) is also treated as distinct, with a more easterly distribution from Iran and central Asia to the western Himalayas.
Juniperus aegaea Griseb
Juniperus foetida excelsa (M.Bieb.) Spach
Juniperus isophyllos K.Koch
Juniperus lasdeliana Lawson ex Gordon
Juniperus lycia Pall.
Juniperus olivieri Carrière
Juniperus perkinsii Gordon
Juniperus religiosa Endl.
Juniperus sabina Gueldenst.
Juniperus sabina excelsa (M.Bieb.) Georgi
Juniperus stricta (Rafarin) Gordon
Juniperus taurica (Pall.) Lipsky
Juniperus venusta Gordon
Sabina excelsa (M.Bieb.) Antoine
Sabina isophyllos (K.Koch) Antoine
Sabina olivieri (Carrière) Antoine
Sabina religiosa Antoine
Common Name: Grecian Juniper
General Information
Juniperus excelsa is an evergreen tree with a narrow, pyramidal crown when young, becoming more spreading with age; it can grow 4 - 12 metres tall, sometimes reaching 20 - 25 metres. The bole on larger trees can reach 150 - 250cm in diameter[
11- Title
- Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Bean. W.
- Publisher
- Murray
- Year
- 1981
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.
,
74- Title
- Flora of the USSR.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Komarov. V. L.
- Website
- http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
- Publisher
- Israel Program for Scientific Translation
- Year
- 1968
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
,
329- Title
- The Gymnosperm Database
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
].
The plant has a wide range of local uses, often being harvested from the wild for food, medicine and a range of materials. The foliage is sold in local markets for use as an incense[
338- Title
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.iucnredlist.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
]. The plant is grown as an ornamental in gardens.
This species is very widespread and common in many areas. There is no indication of any overall decline, although regionally, especially in Central Asia, the subspecies polycarpos is in decline. The plant is classified as 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(2013)[
338- Title
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.iucnredlist.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
].
Known Hazards
None known
Botanical References
11- Title
- Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Bean. W.
- Publisher
- Murray
- Year
- 1981
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.
,
146- Title
- A Manual of Indian Timbers.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Gamble. J. S.
- Publisher
- Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
- Year
- 1972
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
,
200- Title
- The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Huxley. A.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Press
- Year
- 1992
- ISBN
- 0-333-47494-5
- Description
- Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
Range
Southeast Europe to western Asia - Balkans, Turkey, Lebanon, the Caucasus and ?Iran.
Habitat
In shrubland, deciduous woodland and coniferous forest, montane Seriphidium maritimum steppes and on alpine scree or moraines, mainly on dry calcareous slopes, occasionally on siliceous rock; at elevations from 100 - 3,950 metres[
338- Title
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.iucnredlist.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
].
Properties
Conservation Status | Least Concern |
Edibility Rating | |
Medicinal Rating | |
Other Uses Rating | |
Habit | Evergreen Tree |
Height | 10.00 m |
Growth Rate | Slow |
Pollinators | Wind |
Self-fertile | No |
Cultivation Status | Wild |
Cultivation Details
Juniperus excelsa is found mainly in the continental climate of western Asia with hot, dry summers and moderately cold winters. It grows mainly in regions where the mean annual precipitation is within the range 500 - 1,000mm. It is a moderately cold-hardy plant, able to tolerate temperatures down to around -20°c for short periods when dormant[
200- Title
- The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Huxley. A.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Press
- Year
- 1992
- ISBN
- 0-333-47494-5
- Description
- Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
,
329- Title
- The Gymnosperm Database
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
]. Plants are more tender when young, and generally require a sheltered position[
1- Title
- RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956
- Publication
-
- Author
- F. Chittendon.
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Year
- 1951
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaced in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]).
].
Succeeds in dry soils[
74- Title
- Flora of the USSR.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Komarov. V. L.
- Website
- http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
- Publisher
- Israel Program for Scientific Translation
- Year
- 1968
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
]. Succeeds in most soils if they are well drained, preferring a neutral or slightly alkaline soil[
11- Title
- Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Bean. W.
- Publisher
- Murray
- Year
- 1981
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.
] and succeeding on chalk[
200- Title
- The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Huxley. A.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Press
- Year
- 1992
- ISBN
- 0-333-47494-5
- Description
- Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
]. Established plants are very drought tolerant[
329- Title
- The Gymnosperm Database
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
].
Trees grow slowly and take two centuries or more to attain any harvestable size as a timber crop, so its exploitation for timber is or would not be sustainable if it occurred on a commercial scale[
338- Title
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.iucnredlist.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
]
The plant is sometimes grown as an ornamental in gardens[
74- Title
- Flora of the USSR.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Komarov. V. L.
- Website
- http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
- Publisher
- Israel Program for Scientific Translation
- Year
- 1968
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
,
338- Title
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.iucnredlist.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
].
The crushed foliage emits a warm resinous scent[
185- Title
- Conifers in the British Isles.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Mitchell. A. F.
- Publisher
- HMSO
- Year
- 1975
- ISBN
- 0-11-710012-9
- Description
- A bit out of date (first published in 1972), but an excellent guide to how well the various species of conifers grow in Britain giving locations of trees.
].
Plants are usually monoecious though sometimes dioecious forms are found - in which case both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required[
11- Title
- Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Bean. W.
- Publisher
- Murray
- Year
- 1981
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.
].
Edible Uses
Juniperus excelsa was formerly treated in a looser sense to include the species Juniperus polycarpos and Juniperus seravschanica. The three are now generally seen as distinct, though they are all very similar and have very similar properties. It can be very difficult to separate out the various uses attributed originally to Juniperus excelsa to any one of these three species - and, certainly on the traditional level, they are very likely to apply to all three. All the edible uses we know of are listed here - where possible we point out if they were specifically attributed to what is now one of the three species.
Seed cones (of Juniperus polycarpos) - raw or cooked. They can be baked and eaten[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
] Native people eat the uncooked cones with rice[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
The purplish-green to blue, globose cones are about 7 - 12mm in diameter and take 2 years to mature[
200- Title
- The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Huxley. A.
- Publisher
- MacMillan Press
- Year
- 1992
- ISBN
- 0-333-47494-5
- Description
- Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
,
329- Title
- The Gymnosperm Database
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
].
Medicinal
Juniperus excelsa was formerly treated in a looser sense to include the species Juniperus polycarpos and Juniperus seravschanica. The three are now generally seen as distinct, though they are all very similar and have very similar properties. It can be very difficult to separate out the various uses attributed originally to Juniperus excelsa to any one of these three species - and, certainly on the traditional level, they are very likely to apply to all three. All the medicinal uses we know of are listed here - where possible we point out if they were specifically attributed to what is now one of the three species.
In the Himalayas (Juniperus seravschanica), the plant is considered useful as an antihypertensive, stimulant, appetizer, diuretic, carminative and anticonvulsant. It is used in folk medicine to treat a range of conditions including abdominal spasm, diarrhoea, asthma fever, headache, gonorrhoea and leucorrhoea[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
In Lebanese and Turkish folk medicine (this could refer to both Juniperus excelsa and Juniperus polycarpos), the seed cones are used to treat cutaneous diseases such as eczema and skin rash. It is used to treat a wide range of respiratory tract diseases like asthma, cough, common cold, bronchitis, pneumonia, throat inflammation and tuberculosis, urinary tract inflammations, rheumatism, and to remove renal and gall bladder stones[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
In various regions of the world, the plant is used to treat dysmenorrhoea, cough, bronchitis, colds, jaundice, tuberculosis, to induce menses and expel a foetus[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
,
1282- Title
- Ethnobotany of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae) in Iran
- Publication
- Ethnobotany Research & Applications 9:335-341 (2011)
- Author
- Atefeh Pirani, Hamid Moazzeni, Shahab Mirinejad, Farzaneh Na
- Website
- http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-335.pdf
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2011
- ISBN
-
- Description
- This report actually refers to Juniperus polycarpos, recognized as distinct in 2014.
]. The seed cones are used as a diuretic and emmenagogue[
1282- Title
- Ethnobotany of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae) in Iran
- Publication
- Ethnobotany Research & Applications 9:335-341 (2011)
- Author
- Atefeh Pirani, Hamid Moazzeni, Shahab Mirinejad, Farzaneh Na
- Website
- http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-335.pdf
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2011
- ISBN
-
- Description
- This report actually refers to Juniperus polycarpos, recognized as distinct in 2014.
].
An infusion of the dried leaves is used to treat cardiac and nervous problems[
1282- Title
- Ethnobotany of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae) in Iran
- Publication
- Ethnobotany Research & Applications 9:335-341 (2011)
- Author
- Atefeh Pirani, Hamid Moazzeni, Shahab Mirinejad, Farzaneh Na
- Website
- http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-335.pdf
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2011
- ISBN
-
- Description
- This report actually refers to Juniperus polycarpos, recognized as distinct in 2014.
].
A gum obtained from the plant (Juniperus polycarpos) is applied topically for relieving rheumatism pains, backache and to relieve the pain of toothache[
1282- Title
- Ethnobotany of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae) in Iran
- Publication
- Ethnobotany Research & Applications 9:335-341 (2011)
- Author
- Atefeh Pirani, Hamid Moazzeni, Shahab Mirinejad, Farzaneh Na
- Website
- http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-335.pdf
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2011
- ISBN
-
- Description
- This report actually refers to Juniperus polycarpos, recognized as distinct in 2014.
].
The smoke from the branches is used in India to treat the delirium of fevers[
240- Title
- Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement).
- Publication
-
- Author
- Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C.
- Publisher
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.
- Year
- 1986
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- Very terse details of medicinal uses of plants with a wide range of references and details of research into the plants chemistry. Not for the casual reader.
].
Female cones are eaten raw or in a decoction to prevent stomach reflux[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
The plant contains high levels of the essential oils alpha-cedrene, junipene alpha-thujene, alpha pinene, alpha-cedrene, menthene and limonene[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
Alpha- and gamma-terpinenes found in the extracts of this plant are reported to have high antioxidant properties[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
A number of studies have shown that the monoterpene camponents of juniper essential oil enhance the oxidative stress resistance of living organisms[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
The essential oil has been shown to be strongly antifungal. The main component responsible far these antifungal activities in delta-3-carene[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
An essential oil obtained from the leaves and fruits have a strong antibacterial activity against various strains of bacteria, especially gram positive bacteria[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
Various extracts, especially the chloroform fraction, of the plant have shown inhibition of the tropical disease Leishmania[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
An extract of the seed cones has shown a good level of antitumor activity, especially the crude methanolic extract which showed 86.6% inhibition[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
]
The essential oil the seed cones has shown great antioxidant activity. The essential oil can act as natural preservative, even if used in very low concentration[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
Another study showed that the essential oil extracted from the fruits and leaves of true Juniperus excelsa showed a low level of antioxidant activity, whilst that obtained from the foliage of female Juniperus. poiycarpas plants was strongly antioxidant[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
]
A crude extract of the plant has been shown to have endothelium-dependent and endothelium independent vasodilator and cardiomodulatory effect[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
]
Extracts of the plant have shown a significant anticholinesterase activity, making it of potential interest in the treatment of Alzheimers disease[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
Other Uses
Juniperus excelsa was formerly treated in a looser sense to include the species Juniperus polycarpos and Juniperus seravschanica. The three are now generally seen as distinct, though they are all very similar and have very similar properties. It can be very difficult to separate out the various uses attributed originally to Juniperus excelsa to any one of these three species - and, certainly on the traditional level, they are very likely to apply to all three. All the non-medical or edible uses we know of are listed here - where possible we point out if they were specifically attributed to what is now one of the three species.
The plant is a source of various essential oils, obtained fom the wood, the seed cones, foliage etc. Actual and potential uses of these oils include medicinal, mood scents , aromatherapy, scent masks, room fresheners, soaps, insect repellents, cosmetics, fragrant candles, lotions and naturopathic medicines[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
The bark (Juniperus polycarpos and Juniperus seravschanica) is of immense thickness at the base of old trees, and is traditionally taken off in long pliant strips by local people who use it for roofing their huts, making pads for carrying water jars etc[
146- Title
- A Manual of Indian Timbers.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Gamble. J. S.
- Publisher
- Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
- Year
- 1972
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
,
1282- Title
- Ethnobotany of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae) in Iran
- Publication
- Ethnobotany Research & Applications 9:335-341 (2011)
- Author
- Atefeh Pirani, Hamid Moazzeni, Shahab Mirinejad, Farzaneh Na
- Website
- http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-335.pdf
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2011
- ISBN
-
- Description
- This report actually refers to Juniperus polycarpos, recognized as distinct in 2014.
].
The foliage is burnt as an incense[
338- Title
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.iucnredlist.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
]. The crushed foliage emits a warm resinous scent[
185- Title
- Conifers in the British Isles.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Mitchell. A. F.
- Publisher
- HMSO
- Year
- 1975
- ISBN
- 0-11-710012-9
- Description
- A bit out of date (first published in 1972), but an excellent guide to how well the various species of conifers grow in Britain giving locations of trees.
]. The dried leaves are generally mixed with other available aromatic plants and are used as incense[
1281- Title
- An Insight into therapeutic Potential of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb
- Publication
- Journal of medicinal and spice plants 22(2):93-96 January 2017
- Author
- Kulsoom Zahara; Yamin Bibi; Abdul Qayyum; Ahmad Sher; Abdul
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 2017
- ISBN
-
- Description
-
].
The aromatic wood is burned as an incense[
146- Title
- A Manual of Indian Timbers.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Gamble. J. S.
- Publisher
- Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
- Year
- 1972
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
].
The heartwood is red, often with a purplish tinge; the sapwood is yellowish. The fragrant wood is close and even-grained, moderately hard, very durable and of good quality[
146- Title
- A Manual of Indian Timbers.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Gamble. J. S.
- Publisher
- Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
- Year
- 1972
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
,
329- Title
- The Gymnosperm Database
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.conifers.org/index.htm
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A vast amount of information on conifers and families of gymnosperms.
]. A useful wood for joinery, carpentry and furniture making[
74- Title
- Flora of the USSR.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Komarov. V. L.
- Website
- http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
- Publisher
- Israel Program for Scientific Translation
- Year
- 1968
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
,
338- Title
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- Publication
-
- Author
-
- Website
- http://www.iucnredlist.org/
- Publisher
-
- Year
- 0
- ISBN
-
- Description
- A list of plants under threat and facing possible extinction, usually with brief details of the threats and information on habitat.
]. It is used in local construction and for making small objects, including pencils[
74- Title
- Flora of the USSR.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Komarov. V. L.
- Website
- http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org
- Publisher
- Israel Program for Scientific Translation
- Year
- 1968
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers. It can be downloaded from the Internet.
,
146- Title
- A Manual of Indian Timbers.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Gamble. J. S.
- Publisher
- Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
- Year
- 1972
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
].
The wood is often used for fuel and is sometimes made into charcoal[
146- Title
- A Manual of Indian Timbers.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Gamble. J. S.
- Publisher
- Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh
- Year
- 1972
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- First written in the 19th century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
]
Propagation
The seed requires a period of cold stratification. The seed has a hard seedcoat and can be very slow to germinate, requiring a cold period followed by a warm period and then another cold spell, each of 2 - 3 months duration[
78- Title
- Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Sheat. W. G.
- Publisher
- MacMillan and Co
- Year
- 1948
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- A bit dated but a good book on propagation techniques with specific details for a wide range of plants.
,
81- Title
- Conifers.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Rushforth. K.
- Publisher
- Christopher Helm
- Year
- 1987
- ISBN
- 0-7470-2801-X
- Description
- Deals with conifers that can be grown outdoors in Britain. Good notes on cultivation and a few bits about plant uses.
]. Soaking the seed for 3 - 6 seconds in boiling water may speed up the germination process[
11- Title
- Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Bean. W.
- Publisher
- Murray
- Year
- 1981
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.
]. The seed is best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame. Some might germinate in the following spring, though most will take another year. Another possibility is to harvest the seed 'green' (when the embryo has fully formed but before the seedcoat has hardened). The seedlings can be potted up into individual pots when they are large enough to handle. Grow on in pots until large enough, then plant out in early summer. When stored dry, the seed can remain viable for several years[
1- Title
- RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956
- Publication
-
- Author
- F. Chittendon.
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Year
- 1951
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaced in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]).
].
Cuttings of mature wood, 5 - 10cm with a heel, September/early autumn in a cold frame. Plant out in the following autumn[
1- Title
- RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956
- Publication
-
- Author
- F. Chittendon.
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Year
- 1951
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaced in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]).
,
78- Title
- Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Sheat. W. G.
- Publisher
- MacMillan and Co
- Year
- 1948
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- A bit dated but a good book on propagation techniques with specific details for a wide range of plants.
].
Layering in September/early autumn. Takes 12 months[
78- Title
- Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers.
- Publication
-
- Author
- Sheat. W. G.
- Publisher
- MacMillan and Co
- Year
- 1948
- ISBN
- -
- Description
- A bit dated but a good book on propagation techniques with specific details for a wide range of plants.
].