Long known as Cupressus lusitanica, the new taxon name (Hesperocyparis lusitanica) is not universally accepted.

Common Name:

General Information

Hesperocyparis lusitanica is an evergreen tree with a dense, conical crown becoming broad with age; it can grow up to 35 metres tall[]. The short trunk can be 70 - 200cm in diameter and in larger trees can be buttressed[, ].
Native to Central America, it has been widely planted as a forestry tree at higher elevations in tropical and subtropical areas[]. A beautiful tree, it can be planted in amenity areas[]. The young branches are used in great quantities for decorations during all the fiestas; and they are employed in large amounts for making coronas or wreaths for cemeteries[].
Hesperocyparis lusitanica has a very wide range and is often abundant. The plant is classified as 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(2013)[].

Known Hazards

None known

Botanical References

Range

Central America from Panama north through Mexico to the southern United States

Habitat

Pure, dense stands or scattered in montane conifer or pine forest, also in pine-oak forest and woodland, on various usually nutrient-poor rocky soils over limestone or various igneous rocks; at elevations from 1,000 - 4,000 metres[].

Properties

Conservation Status	Least Concern
Habit	Evergreen Tree
Height	25.00 m
Growth Rate	Fast
Pollinators	Wind
Cultivation Status	Cultivated, Ornamental, Wild

Cultivation Details

Hesperocyparis lusitanica is found at elevations of 1,000 - 4,000 metres in tropical and subtropical areas[]. It grows in seasonally moist to permanently moist climates, with annual precipitation typically between 1,000 and 1,500 mm and a dry season lasting not more than 2 - 3 months[]. It also occurs in very moist climates with annual precipitation up to 4,000mm[]. It prefers areas where the mean annual temperature is in the range 12 - 30°c, and is not generally damaged by occasional snow or brief periods of frost, though there are significant differences in this among provenances[]
Prefers a sunny position, tolerating light shade[]. Flourishes in deep, moist, well-drained, fertile loams of neutral to slightly acidic reaction[]. Plants cannot withstand waterlogging[]. Prefers a pH in the range 5.5 - 6.5, tolerating 5 - 7[].
The tree has escaped from cultivation and become invasive in Malawi[].
Trees commence producing seed around the age of 6 - 9 years, or later on unfavourable sites[]. Flowering takes place at the driest time of the year, with male and female flowers arising at different points on the crown (monosexual). Cones develop within 6 months after wind pollination and take 2 years to mature[].
Weeding is an absolute must during the 1st years. Pruning is practised so that trees yield high-quality, knot-free sawlogs. Pruning should be done when trees are 3 years old, with 3 further prunings at 6, 9 and 13 years of age in a 25-30 year rotation. Trees grown for high-quality timber should be pruned to 30% of their stem height every 3 years without diminishing volume growth. Thinning is prescribed before each pruning. In early years, individual trees should show an annual height increment of 120 - 150cm (200cm in exceptional cases). Trees produce poles after 10 years and general-purpose timber after 20 years. They need to be protected from fire and rodent attack[].
Annual wood production potential is 15 - 40 m3/ha[].
Natural regeneration is good on burnt areas and natural clearings, if competition from ground flora does not become intensive[].

Edible Uses

None known

Medicinal

The bark is astringent[, ].

The leaves are used to treat catarrh and headache, and are sometimes used in the treatment of cancer[]. The vapour from a leaf decoction is inhaled several times a day for treatment of flu[].
The leaf sap is applied topically to treat skin diseases[].

The essential oil from the leaves is used in the treatment of rheumatism, whooping cough and as a styptic[].

The essential oil from the leaves and hexane leaf extracts has shown antifungal activity against skin pathogens, which supports the use against skin diseases[].
A crude ethanol extract of the leaves has shown cytoxicity in a range of cancer cell lines, with cell death being due to apoptosis[].

Agroforestry Uses:

Trees are suitable as windbreaks[]. They are grown as a live fence[]. The plant makes an excellent hedge, and is much planted for this purpose in Guatemala[]. The hedges may be trimmed to any height and become very dense by continued pruning[331. Very amenable to trimming, it is sometimes used in topiary[].
Mexican cypress gives only limited protection against soil erosion[]. Pure stands on slopes or erosion-prone sites should be underplanted with other suitable species[].

Other Uses

An essential oil obtained from the leaves, twigs and branches of the tree is used as an adjuvant and perfume in soaps, room sprays, deodorants and other products[]. Distillation of the leaves, twigs, fruits or flowers yields 0.05 - 3% essential oil; the reported compositions vary widely[].

The leaves are used to protect stored grain from insects[].

The heartwood is yellowish, pale brown, or pinkish, sometimes streaked or variegated; it is usually sharply demarcated from the 30 - 75mm wide band of white sapwood. The wood is of very fine and uniform texture; straight or irregular-grained; of rather high lustre, fragrant. It is light in weight; soft to hard; heavy; and of high durability[, ]. It saws well and is easy to work with hand and machine tools; it finishes well and has good nail-holding properties, but boring a clean hole is difficult; it stains and polishes well[]. It is highly esteemed for construction purposes and is used to make the sounding boards of guitars and mandolins, furniture, poles and posts[, , , ].
The wood makes a good fuel[].

Propagation

Seed - pre-sowing treatment is not necessary, but for rapid and uniform germination, stratification in damp sand for 30 days is recommended[]. Direct sowing by placing seeds in bamboo sleeves has been used with some success, but sowing in a nursery bed is more common. Germination takes place in 20 - 30 days, the expected germination rate is 30 - 45% from mature, healthy seed lots[].
Seedlings grown in raised beds are 5 - 7 cm tall in about a week, when they should be transferred into containers that have been prepared 3 - 4 weeks beforehand by sieving the soil to remove large particles and then allowing the soil to form a crumb structure, which promotes good drainage[]. Plants 20 - 30 cm tall are transferred to a nursery before being planted out[].
After extraction, the seeds are dried in the sun to 6-10% mc before they are stored. Long-term seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Germination rate for seeds in hermitic storage for 21 years at 5 deg. C with less than 10% mc is 10%; viability can be maintained in hermitic storage at 3 deg. C with 6-10% mc. With normal dry storage, 75% germination can be maintained for 1 year and for several years if seeds are refrigerated at 4 deg. C[].