There has been considerable confusion over the correct name for this species, and it has often been called Ephedra major Host. However, Ephedra major is a confusing name that might more properly be applied to the taxon currently known as Ephedra foeminea Forssk. (formerly known as Ephedra campylopada C.A.Mey.). There has been a formal proposal that the name Ephedra major be rejected and that the names Ephedra nebrodensis and Ephedra foemina be retained (see Brullo & Del Guacchio; (2804) Proposal to reject the name Ephedra major (Ephedraceae); Taxon 70 (2); April 2021: 431-432). This is the treatment we are following here.

Common Name:

General Information

Ephedra nebrodensis is a much-branched, evergreen shrub with very small, scale-like leaves and green, wiry stems where most of the photosynthesis takes place; it can grow around 100cm tall[].
It is a commercail source of ephidrine, used medicinally in the treatment of asthma and other conditions[].
Ephedra nebrodensis is a widespread species with no known major threats. The plant is classified as 'Least Concern' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(2011)[].

Known Hazards

Many species in this genus contain phenylethylamine alkaloids (e.g. ephedrine, pseudoephedrine). These compounds have stimulant properties and are effective medications in the treatment of a number of conditions. However, they do also have potential side effects and are contraindicated in a number of conditions including anxiety, anorexia, bulimia, diabetes, glaucoma, hypertension, thyrotoxicosis[].

Botanical References

Range

Mediterranean regions from Canary Islands, northwest Africa and southern Europe, east to Turkey and Lebanon

Habitat

Rocky arid areas, stony slopes, often on exposed areas between limestone rocks; at elevations from 50 - 2,500 metres[].

Properties

Conservation Status	Least Concern
Medicinal Rating
Habit	Evergreen Shrub
Height	0.75 m
Pollinators	Wind
Cultivation Status	Wild

Cultivation Details

Ephedra species are mainly temperate to subtropical plants, native to arid and semi-arid regions and are also found in seasonally dry habitats such as Mediterranean climates. They are often found at moderate to high elevations, especially when they occur in tropical regions
Requires a sunny position in a freely-draining soil. It grows well in dry soils and is very drought tolerant once established[].
A dioecious species, both male and female forms need to be grown if fruit and seed are required.
Plants require a good summer in order to fully ripen their wood - this will encourage good flowering and fruiting the following summer.

Edible Uses

None known

Medicinal

Ephedra species, especially those found in Asia, have a long history of medicinal use, particularly in the treatment of respiratory conditions such as asthma, hay fever, catarrh and coughs. They are also considered to be antisyphilitic, antipyretic and circulatory stimulants. The main active substances are alkaloids, particularly ephedrine and the closely related pseudoephedrine, though many other alkaloids can be present[, ].
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are found mainly in the Asian species; those species in the Americas generally have much lower or zero levels, though they do contaim various other alkaloids. These American species often have a high reputation as a refreshing tonic tea that promotes kidney and urinary tract health[, ].

Other Uses

None known

Propagation

Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in the autumn in a greenhouse[]. It can also be sown in spring in a greenhouse in a sandy compost[]. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots as soon as they are large enough to handle and grow them on for at least their first winter in a greenhouse. Plant out in the spring or early summer after the last expected frosts and give some protection in their first winter[].
Division in spring or autumn[].
Layering.