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Common Name: Goat Willow

General Information

Salix caprea is a deciduous tree that can grow up to 10.00 metres tall.
It is harvested from the wild for local use as a food, medicine and source of materials.

Known Hazards

None known

Botanical References

, ,

Range

Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, temperate Asia and Syria.

Habitat

Woods, scrub and hedges, usually on basic soils, to 840 metres[].

Properties

Edibility Rating
Medicinal Rating
Habit	Deciduous Tree
Height	10.00 m
Growth Rate	Fast
Pollinators	Bees
Self-fertile	No
Cultivation Status	Wild

Cultivation Details

Succeeds in most soils, including wet, ill-drained or intermittently flooded soils[], but prefers a damp, heavy soil in a sunny position. Grows in drier soils than any other British species of Salix[]. Rarely thrives on chalk[]. Plants are found most frequently on basic soils in the wild[]. Tolerates atmospheric pollution and exposed positions, including maritime exposure[, ].
A fast growing tree, it establishes well[]. The tree has an untidy habit[].
A light demanding tree, it becomes tall and drawn when grown in woodland, though it grows well along the sunnier edges[].
Hybridizes freely with other members of this genus[]. Although the flowers are produced in catkins early in the year, they are pollinated by bees and other insects rather than by the wind[].
Trees are very tolerant of cutting, they coppice well[].
Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[].
A dioecious species - both male and female forms must be grown if fruit and seed are required.

Edible Uses

Inner bark - raw or cooked. It can be dried, ground into a powder and then added to cereal flour for use in making bread etc. A very bitter flavour, it is a famine food that is only used when all else fails[].
Young shoots - raw or cooked. They are not very palatable[].
The source of an edible manna[]. No further details.

Medicinal

The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin[], which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body[]. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge[].
A decoction of the leaves is used in the treatment of fevers[].
A distilled water from the flowers is aphrodisiac, cordial and stimulant[]. It is used externally in the treatment of headaches and ophthalmia[].
The ashes of the wood are useful in the treatment of haemoptysis[].
The stems and the leaves are astringent[].
A gum and the juice of the trees are used to increase visual powers[].

Other Uses

The stems are very flexible and are used in basket making[]. The plant is usually coppiced annually when grown for basket making, though it is possible to coppice it every two years if thick poles are required as uprights.
The bark is tough and flexible, it is used as a substitute for leather[].
The bark contains around 10% tannin[].
The plant is fast growing and tolerant of maritime exposure, it can be used as a windbreak hedge and shelterbelt though it is of untidy habit[].
The seeds are very light and so can travel some distance in the wind. The plant is therefore able to find its way to areas such as cleared woodland where the soil has been disturbed. Seedlings will grow away quickly, even in exposed conditions and the plant will provide good shelter for the establishment of woodland plants. Thus it makes a good pioneer species and, except in wetter and moorland-type soils, will eventually be largely out-competed by the other woodland trees. Its main disadvantage as a pioneer plant is that it has an extensive root system and is quite a greedy plant, thus it will not help as much in enriching the soil for the other woodland plants as other pioneer species such as the alders, Alnus species[].
Some cultivars can be grown as ground cover[]. 'Pendula' is female whilst 'Kilmarnock' is a male, they should be spaced about 1.5 metres apart each way[].
Wood - soft, elastic, easily split. Used for baskets, rugs etc[, ]. A good quality charcoal is made from the wood[, ].

Propagation

Seed - must be surface sown as soon as it is ripe in late spring. It has a very short viability, perhaps as little as a few days.
Cuttings of mature wood of the current year's growth, late autumn to late winter in a sheltered outdoor bed or planted straight into their permanent position and given a good weed-suppressing mulch. Cuttings of this species do not root well[]. Plant into their permanent positions in the autumn.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood, early summer to August in a frame. Cuttings of this species do not root well[].