The taxonomic history of Prunus is long and complicated, in part due to the economic value of its fruit crops and also the ease with which some species hybridize. Here, Prunus is circumscribed in its broad sense based on the argument that when viewed on a worldwide scale, the morphologic discontinuities among the segregate genera diminish and they overlap with one another. Included here are species that have at times been placed in the genera Amygdalus, Armeniaca, Cerasus, Laurocerasus, Padus, and Persica.
At the species level, Prunus has been the object of the usual combining and splitting common among taxonomists with different philosophies and opinions. In particular, over-reliance on the indument of various vegetative and floral parts has led to the naming of numerous species and infraspecific taxa. Similarly, too much has been made of fruit colour and palatability in naming taxa of Prunus. It is very likely that, as molecular and genetic data are analyzed and, more importantly, correlated with morphological data, circumscriptions will be redrawn and the number of Prunus species will be reduced[].

Common Name: Siberian Apricot

General Information

Prunus sibirica is a deciduous shrub or a small tree; it can grow 2 - 5 metres tall[].
The plant is harvested from the wild for local use as a food and a medicine. It is suitable for use as a rootstock for the almond.

Known Hazards

The plant (especially the seed and young shoots) contains cyanogenic glycosides, especially amygdalin and prunasin. When injested, these compounds break down in the digestive tract to release cyanide. Used in small quantities in both traditional and conventional medicine, this exceedingly poisonous compound has been shown to stimulate respiration, improve digestion, and promote a sense of well-being[]. It is also claimed by some to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer - though this claim has been largely refuted.
In larger concentrations, however, cyanide can cause gasping, weakness, excitement, pupil dilation, spasms, convulsions, coma and respiratory failure leading to death[].
The fruits and flowers of most members of this genus generally have low or very low concentrations of this toxin, though the seeds and young shoots can contain much higher levels.
The levels of toxin can be detected by the level of bitterness:- for example sweet tasting almond seeds are a major food crop and are often eaten in quantity, whilst bitter tasting almond seeds are used as a flavouring (in marzipan for example) but are not usually eaten on their own.
In general, it can be considered safe to eat any fruit or seed from species in this genus that either have a sweet flavour or are slightly bitter. Great caution should be taken, however, if the flavour is moderately to very bitter[].

Botanical References

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Range

E. Asia - eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, Mongolia, northern China, Korea

Habitat

Dry sunny slopes amongst shrubs[]. Forests, thickets, hill grasslands, river valleys and dry sunny slopes; at elevations from 400 - 2,500 metres[].

Properties

Edibility Rating
Medicinal Rating
Other Uses Rating
Habit	Deciduous Shrub
Height	3.00 m
Pollinators	Insects
Cultivation Status	Wild

Cultivation Details

Prunus sibirica is reputed to be able to tolerate temperatures falling to about -50°c[, ].
Thrives in a well-drained moisture-retentive loamy soil, growing well on limestone[, ]. Prefers some lime in the soil but is likely to become chlorotic if too much lime is present[]. Succeeds in sun or partial shade though it fruits better in a sunny position[, ].
Most members of this genus are shallow-rooted and will produce suckers if the roots are damaged[].
Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[].

Edible Uses

Fruit - raw or cooked[, ]. Occasionally eaten, the flesh is freestone[]. The thin layer of flesh is hard and sour or bitter, more or less inedible[, , ]. The yellow to red, globose fruit is about 25mm in diameter and contains one large seed[, ].

Seed - raw or cooked. Rich in oil and protein[]. An almond-like, more or less bitter flavour[, ], they are normally used as an almond flavouring[, ]. Do not eat the seed if it is too bitter - see the notes above on toxicity.

An edible oil is obtained from the seed[] - it is used as an almond flavouring[]. The oil resembles olive oil[].

Medicinal

The seed is analgesic, antiasthmatic, antiseptic, antitussive and emollient[]. It is used in the treatment of coughs, asthma, acute or chronic bronchitis and constipation[].
The seed contains amygdalin and prunasin, substances which break down in water to form hydrocyanic acid (cyanide or prussic acid). In small amounts this exceedingly poisonous compound stimulates respiration, improves digestion and gives a sense of well-being[].

Different parts of the tree are used in China in the folk medicine[].

Other Uses

This species is reputed to be hardy to about -50°c and as such is of potential use for conferring greater cold tolerance in breeding programmes with the closely related apricot, Prunus armeniaca[].
This species is a potential rootstock for apricots[]. The remarkable frost resistant seedlings are used as dwarfing rootstocks for plums and apricots[].

A green dye can be obtained from the leaves[].
A dark grey to green dye can be obtained from the fruit[].

An oil obtained from the seed is suitable for use in light industry[, ].

The wood is of high quality, but is generally too small for most purposes[, ].

Propagation

Seed - requires 2 - 3 months cold stratification and is best sown in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe[]. Sow stored seed in a cold frame as early in the year as possible[]. Protect the seed from mice etc. The seed can be rather slow, sometimes taking 18 months to germinate[]. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle. Grow them on in a greenhouse or cold frame for their first winter and plant them out in late spring or early summer of the following year.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood with a heel, mid summer in a frame[, ].
Softwood cuttings from strongly growing plants in spring to early summer in a frame[].
Layering in spring.